Forgings
Forgings are metal parts shaped by compressive force, hammering or pressing heated or cold metal, which refines grain structure and aligns grain flow with the part shape. This makes forged parts stronger and tougher than castings or parts machined from bar.
What it is
Forging deforms a heated billet into shape using hammers or presses, with open dies for simple shapes and large parts, or closed dies for near-net shapes in volume. The continuous grain flow follows the contour of the part, improving fatigue and impact strength.
Forged blanks are usually heat treated and then machined on functional features, combining strength with accuracy.
Typical applications
- Crankshafts, connecting rods and axles
- Gears, gear blanks and flanges
- Hand tools and hardware
- Valve bodies and fittings
- Lifting hooks, shackles and rigging
Suitable materials
- Carbon steels (EN8, C45, 1045)
- Alloy steels (EN19, EN24, 42CrMo4, 20MnCr5)
- Stainless steels (304, 316, 410, 17-4 PH)
- Aluminium, brass and copper alloys
Points to consider
- Forging dies cost more than patterns; volumes need to justify closed-die tooling.
- Add draft angles and radii to forged shapes.
- Allow machining stock on precision features.
- Specify heat treatment and testing (UT, hardness) for critical parts.
Frequently asked questions
Why are forgings stronger than castings?
Forging refines and aligns the grain structure and eliminates internal porosity, giving higher strength, toughness and fatigue life.
Are forgings machined?
Usually yes. Functional faces, bores and threads are machined after forging and heat treatment.
Which forging type do I need?
Open-die forging for large or simple parts and low volumes; closed-die forging for near-net shapes in medium to high volumes.